what causes a melting point to be higher than the literature value?
Recrystallization was done to remove impurities from the sample. The per centum recovery of benzoic acid during recrystallization is 23. 02%. The difference betwixt the pure and impure samples was observed by comparison of melting points. It was constitute that impure sample had a lower and wider melting point range of 120. 1-122. 2 (C). The pure sample melting indicate range was 121. 3-122. v (C). These ranges helped determine purity by comparison the known melting point of pure benzoic acid.
Introduction Nigh of the organic substances recovered from organic reactions are impure and require purification to obtain the desired pure product. The extracted benzoic acid still had impurities which tin be removed through the procedure of recrystallization. Recrystallization is a purification technique that relies on the differing solubility of compounds within a mixture separating to form a pure crystalline solid of the desired product. Often the desired chemical compound is present in a larger quantity within the solution.
Therefore, a pure sample of this compound can be crystallized from the solution while leaving the impurities dissolved within the solvent. Recrystallization is highly dependent upon the solubility of the two mixed compounds. Solubility is the property of how well a solute dissolves in a solvent. Solubility increases with an increment in energy inside the system. This is due to the increased kinetic energy of the molecules leading to more collisions of the solvent with the solute. This process is called dissociation since the molecules of the solute become separated and surrounded by molecules of solvent.
Order custom essay Melting Point and Recrystallization with free plagiarism report
Get ORIGINAL PAPER
Solvation occurs once the lattice has completely dissociated inside the solution and no traces of solid chemical compound remain. These steps can be explained by Gibb's Free Energy (? Thou) equation where a negative ? G indicates a spontaneous reaction. The solvation of the lattice structure is a spontaneous reaction since the entropy and temperature increase within the organization every bit the enthalpy becomes more negative (more exothermic). Hot water was used to dissolve the crude benzoic acid in these stages of solubility. For the recrystallization to occur properly a good solvent must be chosen.
The solute must exist relatively insoluble in the solvent at room temperature but much more soluble in the solvent at higher temperature. At the same fourth dimension, impurities that are nowadays must either be soluble in the solvent at room temperature or insoluble in the solvent at a high temperature. For example, if you wanted to purify a sample of Compound X which is contaminated past a small corporeality of Compound Y, an appropriate solvent would be 1 in which all of Chemical compound Y dissolved at room temperature because the impurities volition stay in solution and pass through filter paper, leaving but pure crystals behind.
Also advisable would be a solvent in which the impurities are insoluble at a loftier temperature because they will remain solid in the boiling solvent and can then exist filtered out. When purifying a substance with this method, the solubility of the solvent must be taken into careful consideration. It is necessary that a solvent is a poor solvent at room temperature and a very good solvent at loftier temperatures. Equally a result, polarity, the uneven distribution of electron density, must be taken into consideration. The polarity of the solvent should relatively be the contrary of the compound existence dissolved.
This creates a high temperature coefficient with the compound only being slightly soluble at room temperature and highly soluble at loftier temperatures. This allows the substance to later crystallize from the solution equally it cools. The solvent also cannot exist highly reactive with the solute. This will entirely defeat the purpose of dissolution since products will be created that are non the intended crystals. Additionally, the solvent should exist able to dissolve either the impurity or the product and so the compounds tin be separated through other methods.
The solvent also cannot have a boiling signal higher than the melting betoken of the solute. If the solute melts prior to the boiling of the solvent, recrystallization will not be able to occur. For example, if you wanted to purify a sample of Chemical compound 10 which is contaminated by a small amount of Compound Y, an appropriate solvent would be i in which all of Compound Y dissolved at room temperature because the impurities will stay in solution and pass through filter newspaper, leaving just pure crystals behind. Besides appropriate would exist a solvent in which the mpurities are insoluble at a high temperature because they volition remain solid in the boiling solvent and can then be filtered out. Finally, the solvent should be volatile enough as to evaporate from the surface of the compound and be of low financial cost. Impurities can be removed by adding charcoal to the solution and hot gravity filtration. Adding charcoal provides a charged surface that is able to blot impurities. The impurities that were absorbed by the charcoal were trapped in the filter paper during hot gravity filtration.
Hot gravity filtration is the procedure by which the solution is filtered while on summit of a rut source, such as a steam bathroom. This volition remove whatsoever insoluble impurities (like charcoal used to remove the methyl orangish) from the solution while maintaining the high temperature and high solubility coefficient of the solution. This prevents the solid from crystallizing from the solution while within the filtering apparatus. Fluted filter newspaper is also utilized to minimize the surface contact with the libation funnel and to maximize the expanse over which the solution is filtered.
The recrystallization process is entropically disfavored because the overall order of the system increases with the formation of a solid product. This process involves an increase in temperature inside the organization, which thereby causes (? G) to become negative. The increase in temperature allows the procedure to occur spontaneously. Nucleation is the kickoff of the crystallization process where one crystal precipitates out of the solution start and thereby provides a lattice structure upon which molecules of the same compound tin can connect.
This is all encompassed by the crystal lattice theory. The crystal lattice theory states that a growing solid will select similar molecules into its growing lattice. Sometimes, this does not happen spontaneously due to the solution not being sufficiently supersaturated. This is treated by "seeding" the solution with a small crystal of pure chemical compound. This acts as a starting signal for nucleation to occur. Additionally, the glass of the flask can exist scratched with a drinking glass rod. This provides a sharp edge upon which developing crystals can adhere and begin the nucleation process.
Once nucleation occurs, the solution must be cooled slowly. This allows the development of crystals to exclude whatever impurities from the lattice and create a pure chemical compound. The melting point of a substance is an intensive holding of a compound. This kind of belongings does not depend upon the corporeality of substance present (i. e. molecular weight, density), unlike an extensive property (i. e. mass, volume dependent upon corporeality present). Melting is defined as a phase change in which a solid substance becomes a liquid substance without changing its identity or chemical formula.
The melting indicate of a substance is defined as a range between the lower and upper melting points. The lower melting point is the temperature at which the substance's structure becomes obviously distorted. The upper melting point is the point at which the substance has become a liquid. This stage change can be observed and measured in a Melt Temp device. The melting point range therefore is the range betwixt the lower and upper melting points observed. Pure substances tend to take a smaller melting signal range at a college temperature than impure substances. Table 1: Reagent Table (2)
Chemical Proper noun| Chemical Formula| Molar Mass (m/mol)| Density (m/ml)| BP/MP (C)| Amount Used (mL)| Concentration (mol/L)| Benzoic Acrid| C6H5COOH| 122. 12| 1. 27| 249. ii/122. 41| -| -| Methyl Orange| C14H14N3NaO3S| 327. 33| 1. 28| -/>300| -| -| Charcoal| -| -| -| -| -| -| Water| H2O| eighteen. 0153| i| 100/0| -| -| Experimental Prior to commencement the recrystallization experiment, the dry out benzoic acid and sentinel drinking glass were weighed and small portion of the crude benzoic acid was fix aside for analysis in the melting point experiment. The remaining benzoic acid was placed in a 250mL Erlenmeyer flask. 00mL of water in a 250mL boiling flask containing a few boiling stones was brought to a boil using a heating pall. The heating drape was situated on acme of a raised lab jack and the boiling flask was clamped to monkey confined. Gloves were used whenever treatment the heating mantle or boiling flask. Minimum corporeality of humid water was slowly added to the crude crystals. The solution was kept at or about boiling betoken. A very small amount activated carbon (charcoal) was added to the solution. After this, hot gravity filtration was performed over a steam bath. The fluted filter paper was moisture with some boiling water prior to filtration.
The solution was then carefully poured into the funnel. The filtrate was then removed from the steam bath and allowed to cool slowly at room temperature. These crystals were so collected by vacuum filtration, placed on a sentinel glass, and immune to dry out over a 1 week flow. Prior to conducting the melting indicate experiment, the purified crystals were massed. The melting betoken experiment was performed by loading two capillary tubes: i with the impure benzoic acid set aside prior to the recrystallization experiment and the other with the pure benzoic acrid obtained by recrystallization.
The samples were obtained past borer the open up finish of the capillary tube on top of the desired compound. The tube was then repeatedly bounced (open end up) inside of an inverted funnel. The two tubes containing crude and pure crystals were then placed inside of the Cook Temp device. The estrus was increased and the tubes were observed through a viewing port outside of the apparatus. The melting betoken range was recorded. Results Table 2: Data and Calculations Data| Mass (g)| Crude Benzoic Acid| 4. 04| Spotter glass| forty. 23| Watch glass with pure benzoic acid crystals| 41. 6| Pure benzoic acrid crystals| . 93| Percent recovery of benzoic acid | 23. 02% | gBenzoic AcidgCrude Mix ? 100 =% Recovery of Benzoic Acid Effigy 1: % Recovery Table 3: Melting Point Ranges Sample Type| Lower Melting Point (°C)| Upper Melting Point (°C)| Melting Point Range (°C)| Crude Sample| 120. one| 122. 2| 120. 1-122. 2| Pure Sample| 121. iii| 122. 5| 121. iii-122. 5| Observations * Benzoic Acid dissolved in hot water * Solution was a pink color * Addition of charcoal caused solution to turn a cloudy grayish color * Crystals formed early in filter paper Solution would no longer filter through paper properly * New filter paper resumed proper filtering * Filtrate was clear * Spider web-similar white crystals began to form immediately after removed from the heat * Crude crystals started melting * Crude crystals appeared creamy white and distorted * Pure crystals lost their defined shape at lower melting point * Both crystals were liquefied Discussion As a slightly polar compound, benzoic acid was able to dissolve in water at a loftier temperature since the overall kinetic energy of the system increased to allow more collisions to occur within the solution.
Since it is simply slightly soluble in water due to water's high temperature coefficient, the benzoic acrid solution was consistently kept over a steam bath to forestall it from crystallizing out of the solution early. The pink color of the solution indicated that methyl orange was still present within the stale crude benzoic acrid. Methyl orange is an acid indicator that turns pink in a solution of specific pH. The pink colour of the solution was indicative of the fact that the benzoic acid solution was slightly acidic.
Charcoal (activated carbon) was added to this solution to remove this coloration. This was fabricated possible by the process of adsorption in which the large nonpolar portions of the methyl orange molecule adhered to the big surface surface area of the nonpolar carbon molecules. Merely a small corporeality of charcoal was needed to be used in social club to remove the coloring of the solution. In this experiment, however, as well much charcoal was added and therefore caused the solution to turn a cloudy gray color. This charcoal overload therefore created other issues later in the experiment.
Hot gravity filtration was carried out to remove whatsoever insoluble impurities however remaining in the solution. The temperature was kept high to go along the solubility coefficient increased so as to forbid premature crystallization from the solution. Fluted filter newspaper maximized the surface expanse over which the solution could be filtered and also minimized the contact the solution would have with the cooler funnel. This temperature deviation could have also caused premature crystallization within the filter paper. The percent recovery for the benzoic acid was 23. 02%.
This depression recovery rate was primarily due to the fact of premature crystallization occurring inside the filter paper during the hot filtration portion of the experiment. This was acquired by the over-abundance of charcoal present inside the solution. The charcoal provided a surface upon which the crystals could grade as the solution became briefly highly concentrated within the filter newspaper. As a result, a significant amount of product was lost. The filter newspaper too had to be inverse because the formation of crystals prevented the rest of the solution from being properly filtered into the flask.
This caused a significant loss in solution also containing the benzoic acid that could accept crystallized within the flask. The exact corporeality of product lost was unable to be adamant due to the presence of charcoal within the crystals, saturation of the filter paper, and the crystal's adherence to the filter paper. However, the weight of the filter newspaper, crystals, and other impurities was vii. 63g, of which a substantial corporeality of the weight could be contributed to the saturated filter paper. Another source of error could have been that not all benzoic acrid inside the filtrate crystallized from the solution.
Even though the solution was cooled slowly and benzoic acid is only slightly soluble in water, the solubility of the benzoic acrid still was enough to let it to stay within the solution. Another source of error could be from a Eutectic reaction. This reaction forms a eutectic mixture, which is a mixture that behaves similar a compound. The behavior of this mixture could skew conclusions by providing a sharp melting range, like to pure compounds. Additionally, non enough boiling water could have been added which would foreclose some benzoic acid from completely dissolving within the solution.
This remaining crystalline benzoic acid would then be lost during the filtration process. The filtrate that made it into the flask was clear and began forming crystals most immediately afterwards existence removed from the heat. This was due to the fact that as temperature decreased, the solubility of the solvent decreased, creating a supersaturated solution. This therefore forced the less soluble component of the mixture (benzoic acid) to crystallize from the solution. The solution was cooled slowly to prevent whatever impurities from adhering to the benzoic acrid crystal lattice and thereby affecting the purity of the compound.
Once a few crystals formed, others began to class the crystal lattice with them in a process called nucleation. Melting points are a range between the lower melting betoken (where the crystals commencement become distorted) and the higher melting point (where the crystals are completely liquefied) of a substance. This range was identified using the Melt Temp appliance which magnified the view of the sample capillary tubes to let easy ascertainment of the land of the crystals in relation to the temperature of the device, which was measured using a thermometer.
The melting signal range for the rough benzoic acrid was 120. 1°C – 122. 2°C, and the range for the pure crystals was 121. 3°C – 122. 5°C. The range for the rough benzoic acrid was slightly larger at a two. ane°C departure because of the presence of impurities can decrease the lower range of the melting signal and increase the upper range of the melting betoken. Both values for the rough and pure benzoic acrid savage very shut to the literature value of 122. 38°C which therefore indicates that they were relatively pure.
However, the crude benzoic acid'due south range of 2. ane°C was larger than the pure benzoic acid's range of 1. 2°C. The fact that the rough benzoic acid range is wider than the pure range indicates that there are impurities within the crystals. A possible source of fault for this portion of the experiment could have been human fault in the interpretation of the thermometer or the delayed reaction between witnessing the lower and upper melting points and looking at the thermometer to record the temperature.
References
- Methyl Orange MSDS; CAS#: 547-58-0 2, Benzoic Acid MSDS; CAS# 65-85-0 [Online]; Sciencelab. com, Inc. : Houston, Texas, June ix, 2012. http://www. sciencelab. com/msds. phpmsdsld=9927096 (Accessed September 11, 2012)
- Padias, A. (2011). Making the Connections2 A How-To Guide for Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques. 2ed. The University of Arizona. Plymouth: Hayden-McNeil Publishing, LLC.
Did yous know that we have over seventy,000 essays on iii,000 topics in our database?
Cite this page
Explore how the homo torso functions as ane unit of measurement in harmony in order to life
Source: https://phdessay.com/melting-point-and-recrystallization/
Post a Comment for "what causes a melting point to be higher than the literature value?"